Drinking water production by ultrafiltration of Songhuajiang River with PAC adsorption

In recent years, membrane ultrafiltration （UF） of surface water for drinking water treatment has become a more attractive technology worldwide as a possible alternative treatment to conventional clarification. To evaluate the performance of ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of surface water in North China, a 48-m^2 low pressure hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration pilot plant was constructed. Ultrafiltration was operated in cross-flow and with powdered activated carbon （PAC） adsorption. Turbidity was almost completely removed to less than 0.2 NTU （below Chinese standard 1 NTU）. It was found that PAC addition enhanced organic matter removal. The combined process of PAC/UF allowed to 41% removal of CODMn, 46% removal of DOC and 57% decrease in UV254 absorbance. The elimination of particles, from average 12000/ml in the raw water to approximately 15/ml in the permeated, was observed. When PAC concentration was below 30 mg/L, backwashing could recovery the membrane flux with backwash interval/backwashing duration of 1/30.     

Effect of powdered activated carbon on Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment in submerged membrane bioreactor with electronic control backwashing

Chinese traditional medicine wastewater, rich in macromolecule and easy to foam in aerobic biodegradation such as Glycosides, was treated by two identical bench-scale aerobic submerged membrane bioreactors （SMBRs） operated in parallel under the same feed, equipped with the same electronic control backwashing device. One was used as the control SMBR （CSMBR） while the other was dosed with powdered activated carbon （PAC） （PAC-amended SMBR, PSMBR）. The backwashing interval was 5 min. One suction period was about 90 min by adjusting preestablished backwashing vacuum and pump frequency. The average flux of CSMBR during a steady periodic state of 24 d （576 h） was 5.87 L/h with average hydraulic residence time （HRT） of 5.97 h and that of PSMBR during a steady periodic state of 30 d （720 h） was 5.85 L/h with average HRT of 5.99 h. The average total chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of CSMBR was 89.29% with average organic loading rate （OLR） at 4.16 kg COD/（m^3.d） while that of PSMBR was 89.79% with average OLR at 5.50 kg COD/（m^3.d）. COD concentration in the effluent of both SMBRs achieved the second level of the general wastewater effluent standard GB8978-1996 for the raw medicine material industry （300 mg/L）. Hence, SMBR with electronic control backwashing was a viable process for medium-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment. Moreover, the increasing rates of preestablished backwashing vacuum, pump frequency, and vacuum and flux loss caused by mixed liquor in PSMBR all lagged compared to those in CSMBR; thus the actual operating time of the PSMBR system without membrane cleaning was extended by up to 1.25 times in contrast with the CSMBR system, and the average total COD removal efficiency of PSMBR was enhanced with higher average OLR.     

膜污染及其防治措施研究

膜污染是膜生物反应器的主要问题,严重影响了废水处理的效果.膜生物反应器中膜污染的问题是不可避免的,并且有很多因素影响着膜污染.在充分研究膜污染的原因和特征的基础上,可以通过选择最优的膜生物反应器类型,对料液进行预处理以及优化膜分离的操作条件来预防污染的形成.另外,膜的定期清洗和再生也是减轻膜污染所不可缺少的.通过合理的防治措施可以有效的减轻膜污染,使膜技术不断进步和完善,以便使其在水处理技术方面得到更广泛的应用.     

Three-dimensional field studies of thermal backwashing plumes

Using specially designed temperature profiling equipment, two surveys were conducted during thermal backwashing operations at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station to determine the spatial and temporal extent of temperature rises above ambient. Thermal backwashing is a process where biofouling is combated by a heat treatment procedure. Backwashing formed a thermal plume about 5- to 6-ft thick (1.5- to 1.8-m) in front of the intake screenwall. Maximum observed surface temperatures were 101.0°F (38.3°C), representing a rise (T) of about 43.4°F (24.1°C) above ambient. The frontal zone of the plume spread gradually seaward at about 0.2 kn. Its outer edge became thinner and rapidly cooled, presumably by advection and turbulent diffusion associated with currents from the reverse pumping and local changes from dissipation to the atmosphere. Along the intake shoreline, the plume was often less than 1 ft (0.3 m) thick. Most of the hot water was dissipated within several hundred feet of the intake with Ts of about 10.0 to 15.0°F (5.6 to 8.3°C) above ambient. Under the influence of 15 mph southwesterly winds during the second survey, some warmed water was apparently carried beyond the outer breakwaters into Cape Cod Bay. These surveys provided real-time data indicating that the backwashing operation caused a relatively thin thermal plume, which spread rapidly from the intake out across the study area and along the seaward breakwater. Within a few hours these backwash thermal plumes were completely dissipated.Formerly affiliated with Normandeau Associates, Inc., Bedford, New Hampshire.     

Characterization of waste materials originating from Quebec supermarkets and an assessment of recycling potential

This study evaluated, both qualitatively and quantitatively, waste materials from several major Quebec grocery stores. Averaged over nine sampling dates, cardboard, paper and wood products represented 43 and 74% of waste material, based on weight and volume, respectively while organic matter including fruits, vegetables, baked goods and meat products represented 40 and 10% of waste material based on weight and volume. Plastics, wrapping and bagging materials, represented over 7 and 13% of waste material based on weight and volume, respectively, and other recyclable waste materials such as glass, metal and various miscellaneous objects, represented 4 and 2% of waste material based on weight and volume. On average, 60.6 kg waste/employee per week was generated by the three stores. Store size was not a determining factor in the composition of grocery store waste material. These results suggest that costs associated with supermarket waste disposal may be substantially reduced by source-separation of recyclable and compostable materials while reducing pressure for incineration or landfill. Therefore, the adoption of recycling and source-separation programs, and studies to determine problems and costs associated with the implementation of such programs are recommended.     

Superposition of borehole-to-surface voltage residuals for Vadose Zone plume delineation

An injected tracer field experiment was conducted at the University of Idaho Ground Water Field Laboratory to evaluate the application of borehole-to-surface voltage measurements for delineation of the tracer distribution in partially saturated, fractured basalt. A tap water tracer was injected into a fracture-dominated, salt-water plume formed during a previous salt-water injection experiment. The tap water tracer was injected into a central injection well under constant hydraulic head for 34 days. The injection well was surrounded by seven test boreholes. Each borehole contained several copper wire electrodes for borehole-to-surface potential measurements between a surface grid of 224 copper sulfate, porous pot electrodes. Eight pole-pole, borehole-to-surface voltage data sets were acquired during each measurement period by energization of a selected electrode in each of the eight boreholes. Predicted voltages for a uniform earth (homogeneous and isotropic) potential model (finite difference) were subtracted from each data set (for its respective current source location), and the voltage residuals superposed to create new data sets with greater measurement sensitivity and coverage, to aid in interpretation. These data sets were collected over four measurement periods during tap water injection and four measurement periods during the subsequent 64-day drainage phase. The data were interpreted with the use of three-dimensional models and by comparisons with other electrical and hydrological observations. Results indicate that superposition of multiple data sets of voltage residuals significantly improved the lateral resolution of subsurface bulk resistivity changes that occurred over time.     

搅拌式多介质过滤器在三元复合驱采出水处理中应用

三元复合驱采出水粘度高导致现有过滤器滤料板结,形成致密滤饼层,滤料无法彻底清洗,严重影响了过滤效果,出水水质难以达标。鉴于此,本项目开发了适合于高粘度废水处理用过滤器,通过采用桨式搅拌装置破坏滤料表层滤饼层,提高反冲洗效果,实现滤料彻底反冲洗。在大庆油田杏二中污水处理站采用该技术新建两座滤罐,研究了两级过滤处理效果。新建滤罐反冲洗压力维持0.2 mpa以内,水量稳定在400 m^3/h以上,解决了滤罐反冲洗憋压、跑料、滤料清洗不彻底问题,保证滤料彻底再生,提高了过滤效果,经二级过滤后出水油痕量,悬浮物在20 mg/L以下,达到油田污水回注标准。     

铁锰泥除砷颗粒吸附剂对As(Ⅴ)的吸附去除

以除铁除锰生物滤池反冲洗泥为主要原料制备除砷颗粒吸附剂(granular adsorbents for arsenic removal,GA),使用SEM、XRD与BET等技术对其进行表征,并考察了GA对As(Ⅴ)的吸附机制和性能.结果表明,GA表面粗糙且孔隙发达;XRD图谱中出现石英晶体和少量赤铁矿晶体衍射峰,内部结晶度差;比表面积为43.8 m~2·g~(-1),存在大量介孔.吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型.Freundlich等温方程更符合其吸附行为(R2=0.994).最大吸附容量为5.05 mg·g~(-1).进一步分析表明,在pH为1.1~9.5的范围内,GA对As(Ⅴ)具有较好的吸附效果.H_2PO_4~-与SiO_3~(2-)能显著抑制As(Ⅴ)的吸附,而HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)对吸附效果影响相对较小.GA的可再生性好,3次再生后吸附量相当于初始吸附量的82%.     

基于时间序列模型残差的中国东部地区空气质量指数（AQI）空间自相关特征分析

空间自相关分析可以揭示变量的空间聚集性质.基于中国东部城市群的日空气质量指数(AQI)数据,研究了AQI的空间自相关特征.同时,考虑到日AQI的空间非平稳性,分析分成两步进行.首先,对每个城市的日AQI序列建立时间序列模型,进而获得其标准残差序列;然后再基于残差项进行空间自相关分析,计算其全局Moran's I指数和局域Moran's I指数.结果表明,全局Moran's I指数体现出明显的季节变化特征,呈现出冬季高而夏季低的以年为周期的循环变化.通过分析局域Moran's I指数,发现中国东部城市群存在2个值得重视的高空间自相关区域:京津冀地区和长三角地区.由于残差项体现的是气象条件的影响,因此,大面积的高自相关区体现了邻近城市群空气质量对气象条件变化的同步响应特征.     

原水生物预处理的轻质滤料滤池和陶粒滤池运行效果对比

以我国北方某水库水作为试验用原水,对比研究了采用biostyrene轻质滤料为填料的新型生物滤池和生物陶粒滤池对该原水进行生物预处理时的实际运行情况.结果表明,作为一种生物预处理工艺,轻质滤料滤池处理过程可以明显地改善原水水质.对于该试验原水而言,轻质滤料滤池对COD_Mn的去除在5%～20%之间,对NH₄⁺-N的去除则达到80%～95%,出水浊度也得到一定程度地降低,说明该滤池用于饮用水水源生物预处理是可行的.试验结果还表明,在相同的运行条件下,轻质滤料滤池对原水中的污染物,特别是对有机污染物和浊度的去除效率低于陶粒滤池,反冲洗过程对其运行效果的负面影响也比陶粒滤池显著.